Laser scanning has become one of the most important measurement technologies in modern surveying, engineering, and heritage documentation. The method is based on the emission of a laser beam and the analysis of its reflection from the surface of an object.
- Types of Laser Scanning Systems
- Point Cloud Generation and Data Structure
- Data Processing and Specialized Software
- Accuracy, Control, and Applications
- Laser Scanning in Remote Sensing and Heritage Protection
Thanks to precise time measurement and distance calculation, a laser scanner is able to record millions of points per second, creating highly accurate spatial data.
Types of Laser Scanning Systems
Several laser scanning approaches are currently used, depending on the scale and purpose of the measurement. Terrestrial laser scanning (also referred to as ground-based or terrestrial laser scanning) is performed from fixed positions on the ground and is widely applied in architecture, infrastructure, and heritage inventory. In contrast, airborne laser scanning (ALS) uses laser scanners mounted on aircraft, making it possible to collect data over large areas such as roads, forests, or urban regions. Another rapidly developing field is satellite laser scanning, which supports remote sensing and global-scale observation.
Point Cloud Generation and Data Structure
The result of laser scanning is a point cloud, a digital representation of the scanned object or surface. Each point is defined by XYZ coordinates and often enriched with additional attributes such as intensity, color, or time of measurement. Millions of points together form a dense cloud that accurately reflects the geometry, size, and shape of the measured object. Point clouds can be generated using terrestrial laser scanners, airborne laser systems, or satellite laser platforms.
Data Processing and Specialized Software
Raw laser scanning data require processing in specialized software. Applications such as FARO Scene allow users to register scans, merge point clouds for connection purposes, and transform data into a common coordinate system. This process enables parallel analysis, quality control, and the creation of precise 3D models. Specialized software also supports filtering noise, classifying points, and exporting data for further use in cartography, engineering design, or heritage archives.
Accuracy, Control, and Applications
Laser scanning offers very high accuracy, which is critical in measurement, inventory, and development projects. The method works effectively regardless of lighting conditions and allows distance measurement without physical contact with the object. This makes laser scanning especially important in heritage documentation, road monitoring, construction control, and environmental studies. Thanks to its effectiveness, the technology is widely used on the global market, including projects carried out in Europe and regions such as Spain.
Laser Scanning in Remote Sensing and Heritage Protection
In remote sensing, laser scanning systems play a key role in surface modeling, terrain analysis, and spatial data acquisition. The ability to capture large volumes of data in a short time makes laser scanning an essential tool in modern cartography and digital archiving. In heritage protection, laser scanning allows detailed documentation of historical objects, ensuring accurate records for future conservation and analysis.
Laser scanning is a highly effective measurement process that combines accuracy, speed, and versatility. Whether applied through terrestrial, airborne, or satellite systems, laser scanning enables the creation of reliable spatial models and detailed point clouds that support modern engineering, research, and documentation needs.
